Researchers make new strategy for clinically relevant protein sequencing
Proteins have characteristic amino acid sequences, the analysis of which is fundamental for research and medicine. These can be decoded; however, so-called protein sequencing is expensive and time-consuming. A large-scale research project led by Prof. Dr. Jan Behrends from the Institute of Physiology at the University of Freiburg now aims to establish a new technology for protein sequencing using nanopores, which will be rapid and cost-effective. The project “Nanopore-based Electro-Optical Protein Diagnostics” (nEOdiag) is funded by the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung with five million euros; it will start in the fall of 2023 and run for six years.
Electrical signals and fluorescence
“Protein sequencing promises to significantly advance research and medicine,” says Behrends. Proteins are folded chain molecules consisting of 21 different amino acids. Their characteristic sequence to a large extent determines their form and function. Therefore, the analysis of these sequences is of fundamental importance – but it is also much more complex than the sequencing of DNA, which consists of only four building blocks. “Our protein diagnostics, which rely on the simultaneous measurement of electrical signals and fluorescence using nanopores, could lead to significant progress here,” says Behrends.
Nanopores are holes with molecular dimensions in an electrically insulating material. When amino acid chains enter such a pore through which ions flow, a current signal is measured electrically. In addition, the inner pore wall is provided with fluorescent molecules whose light signal is characteristically altered by the amino acids directly interacting with them in a very confined space. The correlation of the two signals will now enable rapid, inexpensive and reliable protein sequencing with nanopores for the first time. However, practical implementation of this idea requires microelectronic innovations for highly parallel, multimodal data acquisition, AI-based algorithms for sensor fusion-based recognition of protein sequences, and microsystems engineering innovations in miniaturization, parallelization, and integration.
Highly interdisciplinary approach
To this end, the project takes a highly interdisciplinary approach: In addition to Behrends as spokesperson, the project involves biophysicist Dr. Maximilian Ulbrich from the Department of Internal Medicine IV at the Medical Center – University of Freiburg and the Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, computer scientist Prof. Dr. Oliver Amft, as well as microsystems engineers Prof. Dr. Matthias Kuhl and Prof. Dr. Roland Zengerle from the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Freiburg as well as Prof. Dr. Felix von Stetten from the Hahn-Schickard Institute for Microanalysis Systems.
Among other things, the project also supports a junior professorship that is intended to establish single-molecule analysis at the University of Freiburg in the long term. Behrends has already been successful with previous projects on nanopore technology, for example with the thematically related future cluster nanoDiag BW. However, the research and development in the cluster focuses on the detection of epigenetic modifications, in particular of histone proteins, pursues the electrical approach alone for the optimization of sensor technology and has a clear focus on sample preparation. The disproportionately more complex multimodal electrical-optical nanopore sensing is unique to the new nEOdiag project and crucial for the protein sequencing strategy.