Caltech Researchers Utilize AI to Revolutionize Monsoon Rainfall Predictions

Every year, the South Asian monsoon season brings heavy rain to over a billion people in the Indian subcontinent between June and September. The rain falls in oscillations: Some weeks see 1 to 4 inches of water, while other weeks are mostly dry. Predicting when these dry and wet periods will occur is critical for agricultural and urban planning, enabling farmers to know when to harvest crops and helping city officials prepare for flooding. However, while weather predictions are mostly accurate within one or two days, precisely predicting the weather a week or month out is very difficult.

Now, a new machine-learning-based forecast has been shown to more accurately predict the South Asian monsoon rainfall 10 to 30 days in advance, a significant improvement on current state-of-the-art forecasts that use numerical modeling rather than artificial intelligence to make predictions. Understanding monsoon behavior is also important because this type of rainfall is a major atmospheric feature in the global climate.

The research was led by Eviatar Bach, the Foster and Coco Stanback Postdoctoral Scholar Research Associate in Environmental Science and Engineering, who works in the laboratories of Tapio Schneider, the Theodore Y. Wu Professor of Environmental Science and Engineering and JPL senior research scientist; and Andrew Stuart, the Bren Professor of Computing and Mathematical Sciences. A paper describing the new method appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on April 1.

“There is a lot of concern about how climate change will affect the monsoon and other weather events like hurricanes, heat waves, and so on,” Bach says. “Improving predictions on shorter timescales is an important part of responding to climate change because we need to be able to improve preparedness for these events.”

Predicting the weather is difficult because the atmosphere contains numerous instabilities—for example, the atmosphere is continually heated from the earth below, leading to cold, denser air above hotter, less dense air—as well as instability caused by uneven heating and Earth’s rotation. These instabilities lead to a chaotic situation in which the errors and uncertainties in modeling the atmosphere’s behavior quickly multiply, making it nearly impossible to predict further into the future.

Current state-of-the-art models use numerical modeling, which are computer simulations of the atmosphere based on the physics equations describing the motion of fluids. Because of chaos, the maximum predictable time for large-scale weather is usually around 10 days. Predicting the long-time average behavior of the atmosphere—that is, the climate—is also possible, but predicting the weather in the time interval between two weeks to several months has been a challenge with numerical models.

With South Asian monsoons, rain tends to fall in cycles of intense bursts followed by dry spells. These cycles are known as monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (MISOs). In the new research, Bach and his collaborators added a machine-learning component to current state-of-the-art numerical models. This allowed the researchers to gather data about the MISOs and make better predictions of the rainfall on the elusive two-to-four-week timescale. The resulting model was able improve the correlations of the predictions with observations by up to 70 percent.

“In the past few years, there has been an increased interest in using machine learning for weather prediction,” Bach says. “Our work shows that a combination of machine learning and more traditional numerical modeling can produce accurate results.”

The paper is titled “Improved subseasonal prediction of South Asian monsoon rainfall using data-driven forecasts of oscillatory modes.” In addition to Bach, coauthors are V. Krishnamurthy and Jagadish Shukla of George Mason University; Safa Mote of Portland State University; A. Surjalal Sharma and Eugenia Kalnay of the University of Maryland; and Michael Ghil of École Normale Supérieure in Paris, UCLA, and Imperial College London. Funding was provided by India’s Ministry of Earth Sciences, NASA, and the National Science Foundation. The Foster and Coco Stanback Postdoctoral Fellowship supports innovative and creative early career scientists working in global environmental science, including research in areas such as climate adaptation and mitigation, environmental microbiology, terrestrial and marine biogeochemistry, glaciology, paleo-climatology, atmospheric chemistry and composition, physical oceanography, and climate dynamics.