Cultural Navigation: Examining How Traditional Societies Utilize their Environment for Orientation and Direction

The new review paper, published in Trends in Cognitive Sciences, sheds new light on remarkable feats of navigation from cultures ranging from sailors in the Marshall Islands using wave patterns to navigate the vast Pacific Ocean, to indigenous communities in Alaska using stars to find their way across the Yukon.

It highlights the overlooked role of culture and close connection with the environment in the art and science of wayfinding in complex landscapes, where there are often no paths or landmarks and mistakes can be fatal.

The authors of the study say these idiosyncratic methods for solving navigational challenges offer important new insights for the way navigation is understood in cognitive science research.

Co-lead author of the study Dr Pablo Fernandez Velasco (University of York and UCL Psychology & Language Sciences) said: “The feats of navigation in our paper describe some methods of wayfinding that are so skilled they seem implausible to many of us who rely on GPS to find our way almost everywhere.

“The incredible techniques we explored are at risk of being lost in a world that heavily relies on technology and faces rapid changes in the natural environment due to climate change. Many of the cultures highlighted in our study are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of rising sea levels and changing landscapes and weather patterns.

“Our study shifts the way we think about how the brain remembers where things are located. Instead of just focusing on how our minds store those memories, western science should begin to view navigation as a dynamic, action-oriented skill that involves a mix of different senses, ways of thinking and problem-solving strategies.”

The review profiles navigation techniques which use a range of skills and senses from 49 populations in 30 nations around the world.

Co-lead author Professor Hugo Spiers (UCL Psychology & Language Sciences) said: “It was a joy to create the first world map revealing where these different traditional communities were and the diversity of environments reported on. We hope this will aid future researchers exploring this topic”

Techniques profiled in the study include:

• Sailors in the Marshall Islands use wave piloting to navigate open ocean in the Pacific. Navigators decide on an initial course based on their knowledge of the configuration of islands, and then use changes in the rhythmic motion of the canoe to sense the transformation of wave patterns.
• The Gwich’in indigenous community in Northern Alaska use the stars to find their way in the vast Yukon Flats. The unusual strategy involves looking at the night sky and projecting different stars onto attributes of the mythical fox-like creature Yahdii. The stars form the tail, leg, or snout of Yahdii and each guide the traveller to different regions of the flatlands.
• For the Batek people of Malaysia, auditory cues such as birdsong help them to know where they are in the rainforest – an important skill as the rainforest is visually impenetrable after a few metres.

The study also looks at the techniques of experts who follow local navigational traditions within western cultures and in urban environments, such as London licensed taxi drivers. Without GPS, these taxi drivers need to be able to plan the shortest route between any two places in a city of nearly 26,000 streets.

To do this, they combine two types of visualisation technique: they picture the map of London from a bird’s eye view, charting subgoals along it, and they use their in situ experience to simulate in-street views of the route.

Dr Fernandez Velasco added: “From the labyrinthine streets of London to the southeast coast of Greenland, we have found consistent evidence for how the diversity of landscapes in which humans dwell is mirrored in the diversity of navigational cultures. Current research on navigation within the cognitive sciences doesn’t reflect this diversity.

“Future research can not only help us to understand human behaviour more deeply, but it can also help us understand, preserve, revive, and adapt incredibly rich cultures of navigation that play an important role in connecting people to their local environments.”