POSTECH: Silica Nanostructure with Chemo-Enzymatic Compartmentalization
As COVID-19 vaccinations are well underway, people await a return to normal life. However, fears also grow due to unforeseen side effects like the rare thrombosis. In the body, life is maintained by the movement of substances or energy. Chemical reactions are regulated by the presence of organelles or core structures of cells that accommodate specific enzymes or cofactors. A nanoreactor with both the activity of a synthetic catalyst, such as an artificial organelle that mimics a cell, and the properties of an enzyme creates a platform for selectively synthesizing natural enantiomeric bioactive molecules that can respond to pathogens – such as drugs – in the body. However, until now, a nanoreactor with the functions of both a synthetic catalyst and an enzyme for such a platform has not been reported.
To this, a research team at POSTECH has recently synthesized a chemo-enzymatic nanostructure that can selectively synthesize one enantiomer while acting like an artificial organelle in the cell.
A research team led by Professor In Su Lee, Research Professor Amit Kumar, and Ph.D. candidate Seonock Kim of POSTECH’s Department of Chemistry has succeeded in designing a silica nanostructure (SiJAR) as an artificial organelle for selective synthesis of enantiomers in cells. This research finding was selected as the front cover of Angewandte Chemie, a prestigious academic journal in the field of chemistry and published online on June 21, 2021.
The first consideration in designing nanostructures for intracellular applications is to stably co-localize and maintain the reactive surface of catalytic nanocrystals while protecting the enzyme from inactivation. Until now, the catalysis of nature-inspired hollow nanostructures accommodating catalytic nanocrystals or enzymes, or both, has only been experimentally proven and has not been demonstrated in living organisms. This is because microporous closed nanostructures restrict the entry and co-localization of catalytic nanocrystals and large-size biomolecules.
The research team synthesized round jar-shaped SiJARs with chemo-responsive metal-silicate lids by modifying the chemical composition of a section in the reactor using spatiotemporal-controlled thermal conversion chemistry. Due to the divided configuration of SiJAR, different catalytic noble metals (Pt, Pd, Ru) were selectively modified on the lid-section by galvanic reactions. Subsequently, the lid was opened under mild acidic conditions or an intracellular environment, creating a wide-passage into the shell while shifting the residual metal catalyst of the lid inwards. This open structure accommodates large enzymes, thus facilitating encapsulation.
The nanoreactor synthesized in this study is composed of silica with high biocompatibility and by protecting catalytic nanocrystals or large biomolecules in an open-mouth silica-compartment, it performed asymmetric aldol reaction*1 with high enantioselectivity via an enzyme-metal co-operative transition state stabilization. In addition, the researchers confirmed that it functions as an artificial catalytic organelle by stably performing the reaction inside living cells.
The hybrid chemoenzymatic nanodevice, customizable through this sophisticated solid-state conversion strategy, has a structure and function similar to that of intracellular organelles, and can be utilized for synthesizing active therapeutics and bioimaging probes locally inside cells to be suitable for use in next generation bioimaging and treatment.
“With the results of this research using the unique Nanospace-Confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR)*2, we look forward to developing the technology that artificially regulates cell functions,” commented Professor In Su Lee who led the study.
This study was conducted with the support from the Leader Researcher Program and the National Creative Research Initiative Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea.
1. Asymmetric aldol reaction
An aldol reaction in which an enantiomer is selectively synthesized. Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures are called enantiomers just as left hand and right hand form symmetry when reversed. The selective synthesis of only one of the two enantiomers is an asymmetric reaction. The greater the difference in the amount of the two enantiomers produced, the higher the enantioselectivity. The aldol reaction is one of the reactions in which two carbonyl compounds (a substance having an oxygen-carbon double bond) combine to form a new carbon-carbon bond. The enantiomers of the final product are determined by stability and steric hindrance (which becomes unstable due to repulsive forces between groups of atoms that come close to each other in the molecule).
2. Nanospace-Confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR)
Research on nanoparticles and their surrounding chemical reactions (solid phase, solution phase, and adjacent surfaces) within a limited space of several tens of nanometers.