Tokyo Institute of Technology: The Audibility of Strangers: Music and Disparate Japanese Communities in Prewar “White Australia.”
The online colloquium, The Audibility of Strangers: Music and Disparate Japanese Communities in Prewar “White Australia,” hosted by the Center for Japanese Studies, University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), and co-hosted by Tokyo Tech Institute for Liberal Arts (ILA) and Tokyo Tech ANNEX Berkeley took place on September 8, 2021.
This online webinar marked the start of efforts toward collaboration for research and education between the two universities following establishment of the Tokyo Tech ANNEX Berkeley on October 1, 2021. Professor Hugh de Ferranti of ILA was the speaker. Dr. Keiko Yamanaka, who is Continuing Lecturer from the Department of Ethnic Studies, UC Berkeley, participated as the discussant and gave a 10-minute commentary on Professor de Ferranti’s research from the viewpoint of the field of international migration studies.
On the day of the webinar, more than 70 participants from all around the world, including the United States, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Italy, discussed and deepened their understanding of the theme together.
Lecture by Professor de Ferranti
This lecture focused mainly on the influence that musical performances by Japanese who resided in Australia during the White Australia Policy had on their relationship with Anglo-Celtic society and other ethnic groups. At the same time, he compared potential similarities between these Japanese and newcomer immigrants in Japanese society today. The immigrants in Japanese society today have been engaged in music for various purposes; however, Japan is a “mono-cultural” society that does not recognize them as immigrants. Increase of foreigners in Japan is seen as a “threat” to racial and cultural integration, causing widespread anxiety within society.
In Australian society before World War II, a putatively monoracial society of “Caucasian” majority, racial hierarchy was taken for granted. Professor de Ferranti lectured about the role of music (singing, playing musical instruments, and dancing) for Japanese and their relationship with other ethnic groups during that time. Little of the musical activities of that era and environment have been introduced to the current generation of Australians and Japanese. As with many scars left by the war, the history of Japanese in Australia was spilt in half, and the prewar half has been forgotten.
Roughly speaking, Japanese immigrant communities in Australia were divided into two types; the working class men who were employed in companies harvesting marine products in northern Australia, and the middle class and elite people who worked for trading companies in Sydney. The presentation was based on photographs and documents (newspapers, diaries, etc.) that showed us the conditions of these communities. In the northern part of the continent, European ethnic groups were always in the minority compared to the indigenous Aborigines, Torres Strait Islanders, and Asian peoples. Because northern Australia had a labor shortage, immigration policies were more flexible than in other regions. For this reason, Japanese men working as divers skilled in harvesting pearlshells and other dangerous marine work, and other Japanese whose labor supported the divers, were exempted from many of the anti-immigrant restrictions of the White Australia Policy, and could live in northern towns such as Broome, Darwin, Thursday Island, and Cairns.
According to the photographs and documents, it seems that music and dance performed publicly in the local community of Japanese in northern Australia derived from Japanese traditions and popular music of the time. On the other hand, there were no such ethnically marked performances in Sydney, where Japanese strived to show themselves to be international and cosmopolitan by performing classical as well as popular Western music, and Western-style social dance. This was part of their strategy to prove themselves to be non-Westerners who could assimilate into Australian society to the extent that urban Australians would not think of them as ‘Asians’ subject to the White Australian Policy.
Comment from Dr. Keiko Yamanaka, Department of Ethnic Studies, UC Berkeley
Both Japanese immigrants in pre-war Australia and their musical activities are rarely discussed, and this study is exciting on both fronts. I hope to see more studies focusing on music performed by women and children, of which there were few in the Japanese communities; study of the music and dance of prostitutes known as Karayuki-san seems especially important. In Japanese society today, “silent” immigrants are not included in government policies, and they are not publicly recognized by the majority of Japanese. However, their music has the potential of playing an important role in the realization of multicultural society in the future.