University of Bristol: Amber-encased fossil shines light on evolution of bioluminescent insects

Trapped in amber for 100 million years, an exceptionally well-preserved, light-producing beetle sheds light on the diversification of bioluminescent beetles in the Cretaceous period and provides the missing fossil link between fireflies’ living relatives.

With over 3,500 described species, light-producing beetles are the most diverse bioluminescent terrestrial animals. Fireflies, fire beetles, glow-worm beetles and their kin use light to ward off predators, attract mates, and some females even use it to attract unsuspecting males to eat. Historically, despite their diversity, the evolution of bioluminescence in beetles has been poorly understood.

“Most light-producing beetles are soft-bodied and quite small, and so have a scant fossil record. However, this new fossil, found in amber from northern Myanmar, is exceptionally well-preserved, even the light organ on its abdomen is intact,” said Dr. Chenyang Cai, research fellow at the University of Bristol and associate professor at NIGPAS.

The presence of a light organ on the abdomen of the male provides direct evidence that that adults of Cretophengodes were capable of producing light, some 100 million years ago.

“The newly discovered fossil, preserved with life-like fidelity in amber, represents an extinct relative of the fireflies and the living families Rhagophthalmidae and Phengodidae,” says Yan-Da Li from the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology (NIGP) and Peking University in China.

The majority of light-producing beetles fall into the giant superfamily Elateroidea with some 24 thousand known species and thousands more awaiting to be described. The discovery of this beetle, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, provides the missing fossil link between living families and in doing so helps scientists understand how these beetles evolved and how they should be classified.

“Elateroidea is one of the most heterogeneous groups of beetles and that has always been very difficult for entomologists to deal with, particularly because important anatomical innovations evolved many times independently in unrelated groups. The discovery of a new extinct elateroid beetle family is significant because it helps shed light on the evolution of these fascinating beetles,” says Erik Tihelka from the School of Earth Sciences.

“We think that light production initially evolved in the beetle’s soft and vulnerable larvae as a defensive mechanism to ward off predators. The fossil shows that by the Cretaceous, light production was taken up by the adults as well. It could have than been co-opted to serve other functions such as locating mates,” says Robin Kundrata, an expert on elateroid beetles from Palacký University in the Czech Republic.

Light producing beetles often have unusual adaptations. One of the most striking ones is that the females often don’t look anything like their male counterparts and instead retain many larval features into adulthood.

“A good example of this is the trilobite beetle, where the females don’t look like beetles at all and instead superficially resemble trilobites. This means that females often get overlooked when collecting in the field. We want to focus on these unusual beetles when searching the fossil record in the years to come,” said Yan-Da Li.

The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Paper:

‘Cretophengodidae, a new Cretaceous beetle family sheds light on the evolution of bioluminescence,’ by Yan-Da Li, Robin Kundrata, Erik Tihelka, Zhenhua Liu, Diying Huang and Chenyang Cai, published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

Further information
The University of Bristol’s School of Earth Sciences

The school is recognised as one of the UK’s most prominent centres for international research excellence and provides a dynamic, intellectually-stimulating environment. Our researchers are renowned as world-leaders in volcanology, isotope geochemistry, palaeobiology, experimental petrology and seismology.

The school boasts some of the best research laboratories in the UK, with a further £3 million being spent by the University on upgrading facilities. Our research output is prolific, with over 120 ISI cited papers published each year in leading scientific journals.

The school currently offers eleven undergraduate degrees: nine single honours degrees which cover three main disciplines, Geology, Environmental Geoscience and Geophysics, each with BSc, MSci and year-abroad study options, and two single honours Palaeontology and Evolution degrees as BSc or MSci.

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We offer two taught Masters programmes, an MSc in Palaeobiology, and an MSc in Volcanology. We also offer a one year Masters by Research. The postgraduate students organise a number of events including an annual cross-faculty scientific poster fair, a seminar series and social events.