University of Edinburgh: Baby loss doubles risk of anxiety and depression

Women who have experienced the loss of a child through miscarriage or early in the child’s life are more than twice as likely to suffer from depression as those who did not, a study suggests.

They are also more than one and a half more times more likely to experience anxiety than those who have not lost a baby before, during, or shortly after birth, the research found.

Miscarriage study
The risk of depression and anxiety was higher among those who experienced loss during the third trimester – from week 29 to week 40 of the pregnancy.

International studies
The findings from the University of Edinburgh draw on 29 studies from 17 countries with analysis on data collected from more than one million women.

Researchers examined studies published between January 1995 and March 2020 on how perinatal loss – the loss of a child during the period from conception through to 28 days post-delivery – affected common mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress (PTS).

The study analysed the data to identify the factors that may influence mental health outcomes, including the type of loss, the stage of pregnancy, and factors such as income status, in which country the mothers live and their maternal age.

Health outcomes
Researchers also took into account the results of studies into the outcomes of women who do not experience loss, but have difficult births.

As well as the heightened risk of anxiety and depression, the study also found similar levels of these mental health conditions after loss in low, middle and high income countries.

Maternal age had no significant effect on depression outcomes, experts said, but being a younger mum was associated with a small increase in anxiety levels.

Perinatal loss did not result in any significant effects for PTS outcomes, the study found.

The study takes a step towards mapping the global status of research in this field, providing key information to help understand the link between miscarriage and perinatal loss and mental health conditions. The association between perinatal loss and elevated levels of anxiety and depression is consistent across loss types, comparison groups and country income rankings. It provides further evidence for prioritising mental health following a loss.

Dr Angus MacBeth
School of Health in Social Science