University Of Nottingham: Students Utilize NASA Telescope to Identify Underachieving Black Hole

The students undertook the research, published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, as a final year project for their Physics degree. The study revealed that although the supermassive black hole is responsible for high levels of radiation and powerful jets, this giant black hole is not as influential as many of its counterparts in other galaxies.

Dr Helen Russell led the study and supervised the students, she said: “This is an exciting result and it’s a fantastic achievement for two undergraduate students to co-author a published study.

“We have found that the quasar in our study appears to have relinquished much of the control imposed by more slowly growing black holes and the black hole’s appetite is not matched by its influence.”

Thomas Braben and Lucy Clews used the Chandra X-ray Observatory to look at the closest quasar to Earth that is in a cluster of galaxies. Known as H1821+643, this quasar is about 3.4 billion light-years from Earth. Quasars are a rare and extreme class of supermassive black holes that are furiously pulling material inwards, producing intense radiation and sometimes powerful jets.

Much less is known about how much influence quasars in galaxy clusters have on their surroundings.

Chandra was used to study the hot gas that H1821+643 and its host galaxy are shrouded in. The bright X-rays from the quasar, however, made it difficult to study the weaker X-rays from the hot gas.

“We had to carefully remove the X-ray glare to reveal what the black hole’s influence is,” said co-author Paul Nulsen of the Centre for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian. “We could then see that it’s actually having little effect on its surroundings.”

Using Chandra, the team found that the density of gas near the black hole in the center of the galaxy is much larger, and the gas temperatures much smaller, than in regions farther away. Scientists expect the hot gas to behave like this when there are little or no sources of energy (typically outbursts from a black hole) to prevent the hot gas from cooling down and flowing towards the center of the cluster.

“The giant black hole is generating a lot less heat than most of the others in the centers of galaxy clusters,” said co-author Lucy Clews who is now at Open University in the UK. “This allows the hot gas to rapidly cool down and form new stars, and also act as a fuel source for the black hole.”

The researchers determined that hot gas equivalent to about 3000 times the mass of the Sun per year is cooling to the point that it is no longer visible in X-rays. This rapid cooling can easily supply enough material for the 120 solar masses of new stars observed to form in the host galaxy every year, and the 40 Sun’s consumed by the black hole each year.

The team also examined the possibility that the radiation from the quasar is directly causing the cluster’s hot gas to cool down. This involves photons of light from the quasar colliding with electrons in the hot gas, causing the photons to become more energetic and the electrons to lose energy and cool down. The team’s study showed that this type of cooling is probably occurring in the cluster containing H1821+643 but is much too weak to explain the large amount of gas cooling seen.

“While this black hole may be underachieving by not pumping heat into its environment, the current state of affairs will likely not last forever,” said co-author Thomas Braben, PhD at the University of Nottingham. “Eventually the rapid fuel intake by the black hole should increase the power of its jets and strongly heat the gas. The growth of the black hole and its galaxy should then drastically slow down.”